Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema

Published in American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 30 November 2020 Accepted: 5 July 2021 Published: 10 July 2021

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Abstract

Design of the pavement layer to be laid over the subgrade soil can start with the estimation of subgrade strength or capacity and the volume of traffic to be carried. Various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. The subgrade soil can be subjected to change in moisture or saturation level due to capillary rise/saturation (h_c). The hydraulic conductivity of subgrade soil can be strongly dependent on the texture (contents), grain size, densities and voids of the soil. Change in moisture level in subgrade soil causes change in subgrade properties, strength or capacity and it can be quite essential for engineers to understand the effects of capillary rise on the variation of moisture in subgrade soil and effects on the strength properties. The strength properties of subgrade soil is mostly expressed in terms of CBR (California Bearing Ratio) and understanding the dependence of the CBR strength of subgrade soil on water content (moisture variation) will contribute better towards the design and maintenance practices. The strength of subgrade soil may vary largely on the amount of saturation in it, i.e. the amount of water exposed in the subgrade soil. Hence in this research an attempt has been made are to determine or estimate hydraulic conductivity of the subgrade soil at varies densities, Saturation level due to capillary rise/height at varies degree of soaking (time of saturation) from day (0) to day (4) and study the effects of capillary saturation on the properties of subgrade soil, including CBR at different level of saturation through the purposive sampling in each five stations. It observed that for each four stations subgrade soils, the strength properties reduced, i.e. the CBR values reduced from the un soaked condition to soaked condition. For sample 1 subgrade soils, the CBR values reduced by 82% to the un soaked condition or no change in moisture and provide a subgrade soil with non-susceptible to hydraulic conductivity which can reduces flow of water through them.

Published in	American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
Page(s)	32-49
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Subgrade Soil, Capillary Rise/Saturation, Hydraulic Conductivity, CBR

References

[1]	Alayaki, F. M., Bajomo, O. S. (2011), Effect of Moisture Variation on the Strength Characteristics of Laterite soil. Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
[2]	Ampadu, S, I. K. (2006), “Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Water Content on the CBR of a Subgrade soil”.
[3]	Bowles J. E. Foundation Analysis and design, fifth edition, us, The McGraw- Hill companies, Inc. 1996.
[4]	ERES Division (2001), “Correlation of CBR values with soil index properties”, Illinois.
[5]	Fasil, A., (2003). Investigation into some of the engineering properties of red clay soil in Bahirdar. M. Sc. thesis, A. A. U., Ethiopia.
[6]	Hazen, A. (1930). “Water supply.” American Civil engineers handbook, Wiley, New York.
[7]	Jaleel, T. Z. (2011), Effects of Soaking on the CBR-Values of Sub Base Soil. Eng. and Tech. journal, Vol. 29.
[8]	Lu, T. X et al (1995), “Water movement in glass bead porous media 3. Theoretical analyses of capillary rise into initially dry media.” Water Resourses., 31 (1), 11-18
[9]	Malik, R. S. et al (1989). “Maximal Capillary Rise flux as a function of height from the water table.” Soil Sci., 148 (5), 322-326
[10]	Ningish, S. R (2012), Correlation between index properties and California bearing ratio test of pekanbaru soils with and without soaked. Canadian Journal on Environmental, Construction and Civil Engineering Vol. 3, Indonesia.
[11]	Parlange, J. Y. et al (1990), “Maximal Capillary rise flux as function of height from the water table.” Soil Sci., 150 (6), 896-898.
[12]	Rahman, Q. B. A (2010), “Correlation between CBR results and physical properties of soils”, Malaysia.
[13]	Singih. D (2011), Moisture and Compaction Based Statistical Mode for Estimating CBR of Fine Grained Subgrade Soils. International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, pp 100-103.
[14]	Stephens, D. B (1996). Vadose Zone hydrology, Chemical Rubber Corp., Boca Reton, Fla.
[15]	Terzaghi. K (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[16]	Yoder, E. J and M. W. Witezek (1975), Principle of Pavement Design, 2^nd, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

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APA Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. (2021). Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 5(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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ACS Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 5(2), 32-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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AMA Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2021;5(2):32-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11,
  author = {Sinishaw Sahile Gutema},
  title = {Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  abstract = {Design of the pavement layer to be laid over the subgrade soil can start with the estimation of subgrade strength or capacity and the volume of traffic to be carried. Various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. The subgrade soil can be subjected to change in moisture or saturation level due to capillary rise/saturation (hc). The hydraulic conductivity of subgrade soil can be strongly dependent on the texture (contents), grain size, densities and voids of the soil. Change in moisture level in subgrade soil causes change in subgrade properties, strength or capacity and it can be quite essential for engineers to understand the effects of capillary rise on the variation of moisture in subgrade soil and effects on the strength properties. The strength properties of subgrade soil is mostly expressed in terms of CBR (California Bearing Ratio) and understanding the dependence of the CBR strength of subgrade soil on water content (moisture variation) will contribute better towards the design and maintenance practices. The strength of subgrade soil may vary largely on the amount of saturation in it, i.e. the amount of water exposed in the subgrade soil. Hence in this research an attempt has been made are to determine or estimate hydraulic conductivity of the subgrade soil at varies densities, Saturation level due to capillary rise/height at varies degree of soaking (time of saturation) from day (0) to day (4) and study the effects of capillary saturation on the properties of subgrade soil, including CBR at different level of saturation through the purposive sampling in each five stations. It observed that for each four stations subgrade soils, the strength properties reduced, i.e. the CBR values reduced from the un soaked condition to soaked condition. For sample 1 subgrade soils, the CBR values reduced by 82% to the un soaked condition or no change in moisture and provide a subgrade soil with non-susceptible to hydraulic conductivity which can reduces flow of water through them.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil
AU  - Sinishaw Sahile Gutema
Y1  - 2021/07/10
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 32
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
AB  - Design of the pavement layer to be laid over the subgrade soil can start with the estimation of subgrade strength or capacity and the volume of traffic to be carried. Various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. The subgrade soil can be subjected to change in moisture or saturation level due to capillary rise/saturation (hc). The hydraulic conductivity of subgrade soil can be strongly dependent on the texture (contents), grain size, densities and voids of the soil. Change in moisture level in subgrade soil causes change in subgrade properties, strength or capacity and it can be quite essential for engineers to understand the effects of capillary rise on the variation of moisture in subgrade soil and effects on the strength properties. The strength properties of subgrade soil is mostly expressed in terms of CBR (California Bearing Ratio) and understanding the dependence of the CBR strength of subgrade soil on water content (moisture variation) will contribute better towards the design and maintenance practices. The strength of subgrade soil may vary largely on the amount of saturation in it, i.e. the amount of water exposed in the subgrade soil. Hence in this research an attempt has been made are to determine or estimate hydraulic conductivity of the subgrade soil at varies densities, Saturation level due to capillary rise/height at varies degree of soaking (time of saturation) from day (0) to day (4) and study the effects of capillary saturation on the properties of subgrade soil, including CBR at different level of saturation through the purposive sampling in each five stations. It observed that for each four stations subgrade soils, the strength properties reduced, i.e. the CBR values reduced from the un soaked condition to soaked condition. For sample 1 subgrade soils, the CBR values reduced by 82% to the un soaked condition or no change in moisture and provide a subgrade soil with non-susceptible to hydraulic conductivity which can reduces flow of water through them.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. (2021). Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 5(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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ACS Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 5(2), 32-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

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AMA Style

Sinishaw Sahile Gutema. Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2021;5(2):32-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11,
  author = {Sinishaw Sahile Gutema},
  title = {Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20210502.11},
  abstract = {Design of the pavement layer to be laid over the subgrade soil can start with the estimation of subgrade strength or capacity and the volume of traffic to be carried. Various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. The subgrade soil can be subjected to change in moisture or saturation level due to capillary rise/saturation (hc). The hydraulic conductivity of subgrade soil can be strongly dependent on the texture (contents), grain size, densities and voids of the soil. Change in moisture level in subgrade soil causes change in subgrade properties, strength or capacity and it can be quite essential for engineers to understand the effects of capillary rise on the variation of moisture in subgrade soil and effects on the strength properties. The strength properties of subgrade soil is mostly expressed in terms of CBR (California Bearing Ratio) and understanding the dependence of the CBR strength of subgrade soil on water content (moisture variation) will contribute better towards the design and maintenance practices. The strength of subgrade soil may vary largely on the amount of saturation in it, i.e. the amount of water exposed in the subgrade soil. Hence in this research an attempt has been made are to determine or estimate hydraulic conductivity of the subgrade soil at varies densities, Saturation level due to capillary rise/height at varies degree of soaking (time of saturation) from day (0) to day (4) and study the effects of capillary saturation on the properties of subgrade soil, including CBR at different level of saturation through the purposive sampling in each five stations. It observed that for each four stations subgrade soils, the strength properties reduced, i.e. the CBR values reduced from the un soaked condition to soaked condition. For sample 1 subgrade soils, the CBR values reduced by 82% to the un soaked condition or no change in moisture and provide a subgrade soil with non-susceptible to hydraulic conductivity which can reduces flow of water through them.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Capillary Rise Saturation on Properties of Sub Grade Soil
AU  - Sinishaw Sahile Gutema
Y1  - 2021/07/10
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 32
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210502.11
AB  - Design of the pavement layer to be laid over the subgrade soil can start with the estimation of subgrade strength or capacity and the volume of traffic to be carried. Various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. The subgrade soil can be subjected to change in moisture or saturation level due to capillary rise/saturation (hc). The hydraulic conductivity of subgrade soil can be strongly dependent on the texture (contents), grain size, densities and voids of the soil. Change in moisture level in subgrade soil causes change in subgrade properties, strength or capacity and it can be quite essential for engineers to understand the effects of capillary rise on the variation of moisture in subgrade soil and effects on the strength properties. The strength properties of subgrade soil is mostly expressed in terms of CBR (California Bearing Ratio) and understanding the dependence of the CBR strength of subgrade soil on water content (moisture variation) will contribute better towards the design and maintenance practices. The strength of subgrade soil may vary largely on the amount of saturation in it, i.e. the amount of water exposed in the subgrade soil. Hence in this research an attempt has been made are to determine or estimate hydraulic conductivity of the subgrade soil at varies densities, Saturation level due to capillary rise/height at varies degree of soaking (time of saturation) from day (0) to day (4) and study the effects of capillary saturation on the properties of subgrade soil, including CBR at different level of saturation through the purposive sampling in each five stations. It observed that for each four stations subgrade soils, the strength properties reduced, i.e. the CBR values reduced from the un soaked condition to soaked condition. For sample 1 subgrade soils, the CBR values reduced by 82% to the un soaked condition or no change in moisture and provide a subgrade soil with non-susceptible to hydraulic conductivity which can reduces flow of water through them.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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